netstat - Print network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships
netstat [address_family_options] [--tcp|-t] [--udp|-u] [--raw|-w] [--listening|-l] [--all|-a] [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts][--numericports][--numeric-ports]
netstat {--route|-r} [address_family_options] [--extend|-e[--extend|-e]] [--verbose|-v] [--numeric|-n] [--numerichosts][--numeric-ports][--numeric-ports] [--continuous|-c] [delay]
netstat {--interfaces|-i} [iface] [--all|-a] [--extend|-e[--extend|-e]] [--verbose|-v] [--program|-p] [--numeric|-n] [--numerichosts][--numeric-ports][--numeric-ports] [--continuous|-c] [delay]
netstat {--groups|-g} [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts][--numericports][--numeric-ports] [--continuous|-c] [delay]
netstat {--masquerade|-M} [--extend|-e] [--numeric|-n] [--numerichosts][--numeric-ports][--numeric-ports] [--continuous|-c] [delay]
netstat {--statistics|-s} [--tcp|-t] [--udp|-u] [--raw|-w] [delay]
netstat {--version|-V}
netstat {--help|-h}
address_family_options:
Netstat prints information about the Linux networking subsystem. The type of information printed is controlled by the first argument, as follows:
(none)
By default, netstat displays a list of open sockets. If you don’t
specify any address families, then the active sockets of all configured
address families will be printed.
--route , -r
Display the kernel routing tables.
--groups , -g
Display multicast group membership information for IPv4 and IPv6.
--interface=iface , -i
Display a table of all network interfaces, or the specified iface).
--masquerade , -M
Display a list of masqueraded connections.
--statistics , -s
Display summary statistics for each protocol.
--verbose , -v
Tell the user what is going on by being verbose. Especially print some
useful information about unconfigured address families.
--numeric , -n
Show numerical addresses instead of trying to determine symbolic host,
port or user names.
--numeric-hosts
shows numerical host addresses but does not affect the resolution of
port or user names.
--numeric-ports
shows numerical port numbers but does not affect the resolution of host
or user names.
--numeric-users
shows numerical user IDs but does not affect the resolution of host or
port names.
--protocol=family , -A
Specifies the address families (perhaps better described as low level
protocols) for which connections are to be shown. family is a comma
(’,’) separated list of address family keywords like inet, unix, ipx,
ax25, netrom, and ddp. This has the same effect as using the --inet,
--unix (-x), --ipx, --ax25, --netrom, and --ddp options.
The address family inet includes raw, udp and tcp protocol sockets.
-c, --continuous
This will cause netstat to print the selected information every second
continuously.
-e, --extend
Display additional information. Use this option twice for maximum
detail.
-o, --timers
Include information related to networking timers.
-p, --program
Show the PID and name of the program to which each socket belongs.
-l, --listening
Show only listening sockets. (These are omitted by default.)
-a, --all
Show both listening and non-listening sockets. With the --interfaces
option, show interfaces that are not marked
-F
Print routing information from the FIB. (This is the default.)
-C
Print routing information from the route cache.
-Z --context
If SELinux enabled print SELinux context.
-T --trim
Stop trimming long addresses.
delay
Netstat will cycle printing through statistics every delay seconds.
UP.
Active Internet connections (TCP, UDP, raw)
Proto
The protocol (tcp, udp, raw) used by the socket.
Recv-Q
The count of bytes not copied by the user program connected to this
socket.
Send-Q
The count of bytes not acknowledged by the remote host.
Local Address
Address and port number of the local end of the socket. Unless the
--numeric (-n) option is specified, the socket address is resolved to
its canonical host name (FQDN), and the port number is translated into
the corresponding service name.
Foreign Address
Address and port number of the remote end of the socket. Analogous to
“Local Address."
State
The state of the socket. Since there are no states in raw mode and usually
no states used in UDP, this column may be left blank. Normally
this can be one of several values:
CLOSED The socket is not being used.
LISTEN The socket is listening for incoming connections. Such sockets are not included in the output unless you specify the --listening (-l) or --all (-a) option.
User
The username or the user id (UID) of the owner of the socket.
PID/Program name
Slash-separated pair of the process id (PID) and process name of the
process that owns the socket. --program causes this column to be
included. You will also need superuser privileges to see this information
on sockets you don’t own. This identification information is not
yet available for IPX sockets.
Timer
(this needs to be written)
Active UNIX domain Sockets
Proto
The protocol (usually unix) used by the socket.
RefCnt
The reference count (i.e. attached processes via this socket).
Flags
The flags displayed is SO_ACCEPTON (displayed as ACC), SO_WAITDATA (W)
or SO_NOSPACE (N). SO_ACCECPTON is used on unconnected sockets if
their corresponding processes are waiting for a connect request. The
other flags are not of normal interest.
Type
There are several types of socket access:
State
This field will contain one of the following Keywords:
(empty)
The socket is not connected to another one.
PID/Program name
Process ID (PID) and process name of the process that has the socket
open. More info available in Active Internet connections section written
above.
Path
This is the path name as which the corresponding processes attached to
the socket.
Active IPX sockets
(this needs to be done by somebody who knows it)
Active NET/ROM sockets
(this needs to be done by somebody who knows it)
Active AX.25 sockets
(this needs to be done by somebody who knows it)
Starting with Linux release 2.2 netstat -i does not show interface statistics for alias interfaces. To get per alias interface counters you need to setup explicit rules using the ipchains(8) command.
/etc/services -- The services translation file
/proc -- Mount point for the proc filesystem, which gives access to kernel status information via the following files.
/proc/net/dev -- device information
/proc/net/raw -- raw socket information
/proc/net/tcp -- TCP socket information
/proc/net/udp -- UDP socket information
/proc/net/igmp -- IGMP multicast information
/proc/net/unix -- Unix domain socket information
/proc/net/ipx -- IPX socket information
/proc/net/ax25 -- AX25 socket information
/proc/net/appletalk -- DDP (appletalk) socket information
/proc/net/nr -- NET/ROM socket information
/proc/net/route -- IP routing information
/proc/net/ax25_route -- AX25 routing information
/proc/net/ipx_route -- IPX routing information
/proc/net/nr_nodes -- NET/ROM nodelist
/proc/net/nr_neigh -- NET/ROM neighbours
/proc/net/ip_masquerade -- masqueraded connections
/proc/net/snmp -- statistics
route(8) , ifconfig(8) , ipchains(8) , iptables(8) , proc(5)
Occasionally strange information may appear if a socket changes as it is viewed. This is unlikely to occur.
The netstat user interface was written by Fred Baumgarten <dc6iq@insu1.etec.uni-karlsruhe.de> the man page basically by Matt Welsh <mdw@tc.cornell.edu>. It was updated by Alan Cox <Alan.Cox@linux.org> but could do with a bit more work. It was updated again by Tuan Hoang <tqhoang@bigfoot.com>. The man page and the command included in the net-tools package is totally rewritten by Bernd Eckenfels <ecki@linux.de>.